變速箱：汽車的 “動(dòng)力樞紐”

　　Gearbox: the "power hub" of automobiles

　　如果把汽車發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)比作人的心臟，那變速箱無疑就是關(guān)節(jié)，負(fù)責(zé)將發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)產(chǎn)生的動(dòng)力，精準(zhǔn)高效地傳遞給車輪，驅(qū)動(dòng)汽車前行。可以說，發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)賦予汽車 “生命”，而變速箱則決定了汽車 “生活的品質(zhì)”。它通過改變傳動(dòng)比，讓發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)在不同路況下都能保持最佳工作狀態(tài)，無論是城市擁堵時(shí)的走走停停，還是高速路上的風(fēng)馳電掣，都能游刃有余。

　　If the car engine is compared to the human heart, then the gearbox is undoubtedly the joint, responsible for accurately and efficiently transmitting the power generated by the engine to the wheels, driving the car forward. It can be said that the engine gives the car "life", while the gearbox determines the "quality of life" of the car. It maintains optimal engine performance in different road conditions by changing the transmission ratio, whether it's stop and go during city congestion or speeding on highways, it can handle it with ease.

　　變速箱種類繁多，常見的有手動(dòng)變速箱（MT）、自動(dòng)變速箱（AT）、無級(jí)變速箱（CVT）和雙離合變速箱（DCT） 。手動(dòng)變速箱操作感強(qiáng)，能讓駕駛者充分體驗(yàn)駕駛樂趣；自動(dòng)變速箱操作簡(jiǎn)便，適合城市通勤；無級(jí)變速箱換擋平順，油耗較低；雙離合變速箱換擋速度快，動(dòng)力傳輸效率高。每種變速箱都有其獨(dú)特的優(yōu)勢(shì)和適用場(chǎng)景，但無論哪種，都需要精心養(yǎng)護(hù)才能保持良好性能。

　　There are various types of transmissions, including manual transmission (MT), automatic transmission (AT), continuously variable transmission (CVT), and dual clutch transmission (DCT). The manual gearbox has a strong sense of operation, allowing drivers to fully experience the joy of driving; Automatic transmission is easy to operate and suitable for urban commuting; The continuously variable transmission shifts smoothly and has low fuel consumption; The dual clutch transmission has fast shifting speed and high power transmission efficiency. Each gearbox has its unique advantages and applicable scenarios, but regardless of which one, it requires careful maintenance to maintain good performance.

　　不同變速箱，養(yǎng)護(hù)有別

　　Different gearboxes require different maintenance

　　不同類型的變速箱，因其結(jié)構(gòu)和工作原理各異，養(yǎng)護(hù)方式也大不相同。下面就為大家詳細(xì)介紹常見變速箱的養(yǎng)護(hù)要點(diǎn)。

　　Different types of gearboxes have different structures and working principles, and their maintenance methods are also very different. Below, we will provide a detailed introduction to the maintenance points of common gearboxes.

　　手動(dòng)變速箱（MT）：簡(jiǎn)單但不能忽視

　　Manual Transmission (MT): Simple but cannot be ignored

　　手動(dòng)變速箱構(gòu)造相對(duì)簡(jiǎn)單，主要由變速傳動(dòng)機(jī)構(gòu)和操縱機(jī)構(gòu)組成 。它通過手動(dòng)撥動(dòng)變速桿，改變變速器內(nèi)的齒輪嚙合位置，實(shí)現(xiàn)不同的傳動(dòng)比。這種變速箱工作穩(wěn)定，可靠性高，深受駕駛愛好者喜愛。

　　The construction of a manual gearbox is relatively simple, mainly composed of a variable transmission mechanism and a control mechanism. It achieves different transmission ratios by manually shifting the gear lever to change the meshing position of the gears inside the gearbox. This type of gearbox works stably, has high reliability, and is deeply loved by driving enthusiasts.

　　在日常養(yǎng)護(hù)中，手動(dòng)變速箱主要檢查是否有漏油、缺油情況。如果發(fā)現(xiàn)變速箱底部有油漬，或者車輛行駛時(shí)換擋變得生澀，就可能是漏油或缺油導(dǎo)致的，需要及時(shí)檢查維修。一般來說，手動(dòng)變速箱的換油周期為 15 萬公里左右。不過，具體的換油里程還需根據(jù)車輛的使用情況和駕駛習(xí)慣來調(diào)整。比如，經(jīng)常在擁堵路況行駛，或者駕駛風(fēng)格比較激烈，就需要適當(dāng)縮短換油周期。

　　In daily maintenance, manual transmissions are mainly inspected for oil leaks and shortages. If oil stains are found at the bottom of the gearbox, or if shifting gears becomes rough while driving, it may be caused by oil leakage or lack of oil, and it needs to be checked and repaired in a timely manner. Generally speaking, the oil change interval for manual transmissions is around 150000 kilometers. However, the specific oil change mileage needs to be adjusted according to the vehicle's usage and driving habits. For example, if driving frequently in congested road conditions or with a more aggressive driving style, it is necessary to shorten the oil change cycle appropriately.

　　液力自動(dòng)變速箱（AT）：復(fù)雜精密需謹(jǐn)慎

　　Hydraulic automatic transmission (AT): complex and precise, requiring caution

　　液力自動(dòng)變速箱結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜，核心部件有液力變矩器、行星齒輪組、離合器 / 制動(dòng)器及其控制機(jī)構(gòu) 。它通過液力變矩器實(shí)現(xiàn)發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)與變速箱的軟連接，使車輛起步和換擋更加平穩(wěn)。行星齒輪組則負(fù)責(zé)實(shí)現(xiàn)不同的傳動(dòng)比，滿足車輛在各種路況下的行駛需求。

　　The structure of hydraulic automatic transmission is complex, with core components including hydraulic torque converter, planetary gear set, clutch/brake and its control mechanism. It achieves a soft connection between the engine and gearbox through a hydraulic torque converter, making the vehicle start and shift more smoothly. The planetary gear set is responsible for achieving different transmission ratios to meet the driving needs of vehicles in various road conditions.

　　由于 AT 型號(hào)眾多，保養(yǎng)要求也有所不同。一般家用轎車的 4AT、6AT 變速箱，建議行駛 8 萬公里左右換一次油；而高檔位的 9AT 等變速箱，由于其內(nèi)部結(jié)構(gòu)更加精密，工作壓力更大，建議行駛 4 - 6 萬公里換一次油。此外，自動(dòng)變速箱在換油時(shí)，建議將箱內(nèi)的濾芯一起換掉。因?yàn)闉V芯能夠過濾變速箱油中的雜質(zhì)，保證油液的清潔度，延長(zhǎng)變速箱的使用壽命。如果只換油不換濾芯，新油很快就會(huì)被污染，無法達(dá)到良好的保養(yǎng)效果。

　　Due to the large number of AT models, maintenance requirements also vary. It is recommended to change the oil every 80000 kilometers for the 4AT and 6AT transmissions of typical family cars; For high-end 9-speed automatic transmissions, due to their more precise internal structure and higher working pressure, it is recommended to change the oil every 40000 to 60000 kilometers. In addition, it is recommended to replace the filter element inside the automatic transmission when changing the oil. Because the filter element can filter impurities in the transmission oil, ensure the cleanliness of the oil, and extend the service life of the transmission. If only the oil is changed without changing the filter element, the new oil will quickly become contaminated and fail to achieve good maintenance results.

　　機(jī)械無級(jí)自動(dòng)變速箱（CVT）：特殊結(jié)構(gòu)特殊對(duì)待

　　Mechanical continuously variable transmission (CVT): special structure, special treatment

　　CVT 內(nèi)部結(jié)構(gòu)較為特殊，主要以鋼鏈帶傳動(dòng) 。它通過兩個(gè)可變直徑的帶輪和一條鋼鏈帶，實(shí)現(xiàn)傳動(dòng)比的連續(xù)變化，使車輛換擋更加平順，動(dòng)力輸出更加線性。

　　The internal structure of CVT is relatively special, mainly driven by steel chain belt. It achieves continuous changes in transmission ratio through two variable diameter pulleys and a steel chain belt, making vehicle shifting smoother and power output more linear.

　　然而，正是由于這種特殊的傳動(dòng)方式，CVT 箱內(nèi)會(huì)沉淀許多硬碎雜質(zhì)。這些雜質(zhì)主要來自鋼鏈帶和帶輪的磨損，長(zhǎng)期積累會(huì)影響變速箱的正常工作。因此，一般建議 CVT 變速箱行駛 6 - 8 萬公里換一次油。及時(shí)更換變速箱油，可以有效清除這些雜質(zhì)，保持油液的良好性能，減少對(duì)變速箱內(nèi)部部件的磨損。

　　However, it is precisely because of this special transmission method that many hard debris will settle inside the CVT box. These impurities mainly come from the wear of steel chain belts and pulleys, and long-term accumulation can affect the normal operation of the gearbox. Therefore, it is generally recommended to change the oil once when driving a CVT gearbox for 60000 to 80000 kilometers. Timely replacement of transmission oil can effectively remove these impurities, maintain the good performance of the oil, and reduce wear on internal components of the transmission.

　　雙離合自動(dòng)變速箱（DSG）：干濕有別

　　Dual clutch automatic transmission (DSG): Different in dry and wet conditions

　　雙離合自動(dòng)變速箱分為干式和濕式兩種形式 。它們都有兩套離合器，一套負(fù)責(zé)奇數(shù)檔，另一套負(fù)責(zé)偶數(shù)檔，通過離合器的交替工作，實(shí)現(xiàn)快速換擋。

　　The dual clutch automatic transmission is divided into two forms: dry and wet. They all have two sets of clutches, one for odd gears and the other for even gears. Through the alternating operation of the clutches, quick gear shifts are achieved.

　　干式 DSG 的傳動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)不復(fù)雜，工作相對(duì)穩(wěn)定。由于其離合器片直接暴露在空氣中，依靠風(fēng)冷散熱，所以一般行駛 10 萬公里換一次油。不過，干式 DSG 在頻繁啟停的路況下，容易出現(xiàn)過熱問題，所以在駕駛時(shí)要盡量避免長(zhǎng)時(shí)間低速行駛和頻繁換擋。

　　The transmission structure of dry DSG is not complex and its operation is relatively stable. Due to its clutch plates being directly exposed to the air and relying on air cooling for heat dissipation, it is generally recommended to change the oil every 100000 kilometers of driving. However, dry DSGs are prone to overheating issues in frequent start stop road conditions, so it is important to avoid prolonged low-speed driving and frequent gear shifts while driving.

　　濕式 DSG 的離合器片浸泡在油液中，通過油液進(jìn)行潤(rùn)滑和散熱，散熱效率更高，可靠性也更強(qiáng)。但由于其傳動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)的技術(shù)要求，建議行駛 6 - 8 萬公里換一次油。濕式 DSG 更適合在城市擁堵路況下使用，能夠更好地應(yīng)對(duì)頻繁啟停的情況。

　　The clutch plates of wet DSG are immersed in oil for lubrication and heat dissipation, resulting in higher heat dissipation efficiency and greater reliability. However, due to the technical requirements of its transmission structure, it is recommended to change the oil every 60000 to 80000 kilometers of driving. Wet DSG is more suitable for use in congested urban road conditions and can better cope with frequent start stop situations.

　　本文由 濟(jì)南自動(dòng)變速箱維修  友情奉獻(xiàn).更多有關(guān)的知識(shí)請(qǐng)點(diǎn)擊  http://www.gxrbbs.com/  真誠(chéng)的態(tài)度.為您提供為全面的服務(wù).更多有關(guān)的知識(shí)我們將會(huì)陸續(xù)向大家奉獻(xiàn).敬請(qǐng)期待.

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